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l33t

A language designed to look like the orthography 5+31230+yp!(@11y used by h4x0rz.

Life by John Conway

The best-known cellular automaton, which can be used as a form of esoteric programming.  It has been shown to be Turing complete.  I have seen Life 'programs' that do interesting things, such as adding together two binary numbers, finding prime numbers and even playing Life on a large scale.

LOLA by Stewart Gordon

Lots Of Lambda Abstractions.  A functional tarpit based on lambda calculus.